Q1(f). Sample introduction into ICP

Answer in brief

Solution nebulisation, laser ablation and electrothermal vaporisation provide three distinct routes.

Key points

• Pneumatic nebulisation converts solution into an aerosol.
• Laser ablation removes a small amount from a solid surface. Carrier gas transports the aerosol to the plasma, enabling spatial analysis with minimal dissolution.
• Electrothermal vaporisation heats a small sample in a furnace.
• Each route requires suitable calibration: transport efficiency, particle-size effects and transient signals differ. Hydride generation is another useful specialised route for hydride-forming elements.