Spectroscopic methods of analysis: every question, 2016 to 2025

Lambert-Beer's law and its limitations. UV-visible spectroscopy: basic principles of UV-Vis spectrophotometer, instrumentation consisting of source, monochromator, grating and detector, spectrophotometric determinations (estimation of metal ions from aqueous solutions, determination of composition of metal complexes using Job's method of continuous variation and mole ratio method). Infra-red spectrometry: basic principles of instrumentation (choice of source, monochromator and detector) for single and double beam instruments, sampling techniques. Flame atomic absorption and emission spectrometry: basic principles of instrumentation (choice of source, monochromator, detector, choice of flame and burner design), techniques of atomization and sample introduction, method of background correction, sources of chemical interferences and methods of removal, techniques for the quantitative estimation of trace level metal ions. Basic principles and theory of AAS. Three different modes of AAS: Flame-AAS, VG-AAS and GF-AAS. Single beam and double beam AAS. Function of Hollow Cathode Lamp (HCL) and Electrodeless Discharge Lamp (EDL). Different types of detectors used in AAS. Qualitative and quantitative analysis.